Observation of Diurnal Ground Surface Changes Due to Freeze-Thaw Action by Real-Time Kinematic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Ground surface changes caused by freeze-thaw action affect agriculture and forestry, as well artificial structures such roads. In this study, an area is examined in which reforestation urgently needed but the growth of naturally restored seedlings planted trees impaired action. Thus, a method measuring induced ground mitigating their negative impacts needed. Real-time kinematic unmanned aerial vehicle structure-from-motion multiview stereophotogrammetry are used on slope-failure sites forest areas to observe over wide area, nondestructive manner. The slope characteristics influencing ground-surface were examined, it was confirmed that possible minute topographical less than ±5 cm resulting from Statistical models show amount mostly linked cumulative solar radiation, daily temperature range, topographic-wetness index, influence microscale dynamics surface. proposed will be useful for future quantitative assessments conditions. Further, efficient could implemented considering effects factors identified